Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. What they didnt understand was just how important holding this place was for a Confederate victory at Antietam, For Gods sake, come and help us out! begged the new head of Hartsuffs Brigade and without a pause, Colonel Lyle had the 90th Pennsylvania marching forward into the swirling inferno of Antietams Cornfield. Gibbons command had fought with such ferocity at Turners Gap that Hooker commented that the men were as strong as iron. Lincoln hoped against hope that McClellan would finally bring Lee to decisive battle and destroy the Army of Northern Virginia once and for all. Theyd remained on the sidelines so far, but as they endured cotton shortages and the south seemed to gain the upper hand, they considered legitimizing the Confederacy, a move with potentially drastic implications. Lee knew that the capacity of the Union to wage war was virtually limitless. After the Confederates abandoned their campsite around Frederick, McClellans army moved in. Three brigades from Hills division supported Hoods defenders, and Brig. Meanwhile, on September 2, McClellan retook command of the army to the cheers of his men. After McClellan fails to pursue Lee on his retreat south, Lincoln loses faith in his general. By David A. Welker The 90th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment was recruited exclusively within the city of Philadelphia. Gen. Abner Doubledays 1st Division marched through the North Woods, Gibbons 4th Brigade, wearing its distinctive black hats, led the way on the right. It is remembered as the site of some of the most savage fighting of the Battle of Antietam, which itself was the bloodiest single-day action of the Civil War. Greenes two brigades were within 200 yards of the Dunker Church, where they halted and watched the West Woods swarm with Confederates. The carnage was terrific; only two dozen of the original 250 men of the 6th Georgia survived the maelstrom without being killed or wounded. The Battle of Antietam began at dawn on September 17 as the fog lifted. Hills rear guard remained at Boonsboro with 5,000 troops. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! No constraint upon your free will is intended, no intimidation is allowed, Lee promised. He takes his opportunity on September 22. He believed McClellan spent too much of his command drilling troops and little of it pursuing Lee. As Longstreets men began trudging toward Sharpsburg, Lee reversed his earlier order. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point Kindle Edition by David A. Welker (Author) Format: Kindle Edition 139 ratings See all formats and editions Kindle $2.99 Read with Our Free App Audiobook $0.00 Free with your Audible trial The Civil War battle in western Maryland that killed 22,000 menand served no military purpose. Lt. Col. Edward Bragg of the 6th Wisconsin was wounded as the regiment was hit in both flanks. He needed a legitimatizing Union victory in the field before he could issue the proclamation. As night fell, thousands of bodies littered the sprawling Antietam battlefield and both sides regrouped and claimed their dead and wounded. After Burnsides troops finally took the bridge and had the Confederate right flank in sight, Confederate reinforcements arrived and pushed them back. Greenes 2nd Brigade, under Colonel Henry J. Stainrook, reached the Smoketown Road and unhinged the Confederate right flank. The Cornfield at Antietam Battlefield Matt Brant Ancestry and Fold3 have been helping people understand their ancestors and why they fought for causes large and small for decades. For those of us interested in understanding and preserving the events of the Civil War and Antietams Cornfield, heres our own such list the Cornfield casualty top ten. Lee had heard nothing from Stonewall and was startled to receive word a short time later that Harpers Ferry was expected to fall the next day. Marylanders were wary and observed the Confederates with a mixture of sympathy, awe, and disdain. Gen. Abram Duryeas 1st Brigade, stepped off to Gibbons left. The Confederates were hit from three sides and melted away while the Wisconsin soldiers, accompanied by the 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters and the 14th Brooklyn, moved toward the high ground around the Dunker Church, still several hundred yards away. In less than fifteen we were sending and receiving death missiles by the bushel. Hoods men drove north, forcing the First Corps back across the Cornfield. Hill and his Light Division to take custody of 73 pieces of artillery and 13,000 rifles and revolvers and parole the prisoners at the arsenal. Commanders on both sides were trying to make order out of chaos, and even the most hardened veteran could scarcely comprehend the unimaginable holocaust that engulfed the cornfield, the woods, turnpike, and high ground around the Dunker Church, where more than 8,000 soldiers, Union and Confederate, lay dead or wounded. We know no enemies among you, and will protect all of every opinion. The next day, as Lee began the painstaking job of moving his ravaged troops back to Virginia, McClellan, surprisingly, did nothing. The next day, the Army of Northern Virginia set out from Frederick. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. He surveyed the terrain and noticed a patch of high ground about a mile to his front near the junction of the Smoketown Road and the Hagerstown Turnpike. I will have a battery here to help you.. The proclamation, Lincoln hoped, would add a moral dimension to the war besides the preservation of the Union. As Brig. Union Gen. Joseph Hooker remembered that "every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows precisely as they stood in their ranks a few moments before. Simultaneously, the hostile battle lines opened a tremendous fire upon each other. It conjures up visions of harrowing bloodshed and the tragedy of fratricidal combat Yet, for over 150 years, the story of this struggle has been difficult to track the sway of battle back and forth over Continue reading Descending Into The Bloody Cornfield With Civil War Historian, David A. Welker: PreserveCast Episode No. Excellent summaries of the individual skirmishes and the overall battle. After Lee thwarted the plan of General George B. McClellan to lay siege to Richmondthe capital of the Confederate States of Americain the Peninsula Campaign in the spring and summer of 1862, McClellan retreated. John Cook swung his bugle over his shoulder and wrested from the dead man his leather pouch, bearing the undelivered shell without which the cannon was useless. Works, was hot on the heels of the fleeing Federals and outran the rest of Woffords brigade. Though somewhat mis-titled -- it could have been called The East Woods, The West Woods and The Cornfield as it actually covers all of the fighting on the north end of the battlefield, not just in the Cornfield -- this is an excellent work of accessible scholarship. Greene rode forward and warned the New Yorkers to slow down before they outran covering artillery. Men, I cannot say fell; they were knocked out of the ranks by dozens.. Its authenticity was confirmed when Pittman noted Chiltons signature and recognized the handwriting of Lees adjutant, with whom he had served before the war. Free shipping for many products! The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! . Gen. Truman Seymour, quickly reached the edge of the East Woods at the Smoketown Road. Americas bloodiest day was far from over. To take it, Hookers divisions would advance along the turnpike between the East and West Woods, through the pastures of the Miller farm, and across the cornfield at the turnpikes eastern edge. Lee directed Lt. Gen. James Longstreets three divisions to cross South Mountain, a ridgeline running north to south along the eastern edge of the Cumberland Valley, and proceed to Boonsboro, about halfway to Hagerstown. Because Federal and Confederate forces repeatedly . The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. The injured limb had to be amputated, but he lived until 1898. McRae remembered: The most unutterable stampede occurred. Near the center of the battlefield, another site of slaughter was a farm lane known as the Sunken Road, where Hills division of approximately 2,600 men had piled fence rails along the roads embankment to fortify their position against Union Major General William H. Frenchs 5,500 approaching troops. One amazed Confederate artilleryman saw columns of enemy soldiers stretching into the distance and remarked that they were so numerous that it looked as if they were creeping up out of the ground.. Stuarts cavalry screened the Confederate left while D.H. Hills five brigades were funneled into the center of the Confederate line and filed into the sunken road. Jackson called them into battle and, In less than five minutes we were advancing toward the enemy. Stragglers were everywhere, and entire regiments milled about without direction. A military victory in the North, Lee reasoned, would all but assure recognition of the Confederate States of America as a sovereign nation. President Abraham Lincoln, still mourning the death of his 11-year-old son, Willie, earlier that year, sought desperately to find a general who could reverse the growing belief that Confederate arms, under the able leadership of General Robert E. Lee, were invincible. .In my feeble estimation, General McClellan, with all his laurels, sinks into insignificance beside the true heroine of the age, the angel of the battle field. East Woods 4. Williams took command of XII Corps and the fight for the cornfield continued, with men from both sides tripping over the dead and falling bleeding among the severed cornstalks. Their fire was devastating. Jefferson County, WV|Sep 12-15, 1862, Frederick County and Washington County, MD|Sep 14, 1862, Washington County, MD|Sep 16-18, 1862, Town of Shepherdstown, WV|Sep 19-20, 1862, Washington County, MD | September 17, 1862. Longstreets and Hills units formed the Confederate right and center flanks to the west of Antietam Creek, while Jacksons and Brigadier General John G. Walkers units formed the Confederate left flank. Nine regimental color bearers were killed, and in less than half an hour the 1st Texas lost 186 dead and wounded, more than 82 percent of its strength, the highest casualty rate of any regiment on either side during the entire war. Brig. The single, bloodiest day in American History had begun in earnest. The distance closed to 30 yards, and the two sides blazed away at one another. The Battle of South Mountain began early on September 14, and by 11 am Union troops of Brig. He tended to details while three of Jacksons footsore divisions began trickling into the vicinity. But after several unexpected and demoralizing Union losses, including Major General John Popes sound defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run, it became clear the Confederacy wasnt going to be easy to crush. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Lee issued a proclamation to the people of Maryland inviting them to join the Southern cause. September 17. Three hours later, Union troops had pushed the Confederates back and over 5,000 men were either dead or injured. For the first time since hostilities opened, Virginia was largely free of Union troops. Brig. At the same time, he began throwing together a patchwork defense of the South Mountain passes at Turners, Foxs, and Cramptons Gaps. Miller's Cornfield (usually referred to as 'the Cornfield') is a section of the Antietam battlefield of the American Civil War. Following the Confederate triumph at Second Bull Run, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston had observed that the Union forces had received a very complete smashing. If Lees remarkable run of success continued, said Palmerston, Would it not be time for us to consider whether in such a state of things England and France might not address the contending parties and recommend an arrangement on the basis of separation?, For all those reasons, the stakes were extremely high when the Army of Northern Virginia reached Whites Ford on the banks of the Potomac River on September 4 and 55,000 hungry troops stripped off their ragged clothes and began wading into Maryland. All Rights Reserved. Just eight hours in, there were over 15,000 casualties. Running southward, XII Corps under Maj. Gen. Joseph K.F. And when Lee heard a copy of Special Order 191 was missing, he knew his scattered army was vulnerable and rushed to reunite its units. Lt. Col. Robert Andersons 3rd Brigade, four regiments of Pennsylvania Reserves, crouched low behind a rail fence at the northern end of the cornfield and waited. The first Confederate shell struck the ranks of the 6th Wisconsin, killing two soldiers and wounding 11. Meanwhile, Lee was becoming anxious. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single day in American history, and the partial victory by Union troops led Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. ", More than 25,000 soldiers fought in and around the Cornfield. Just twelve hours of intense and often close-range fighting with muskets and cannons had resulted in around 23,000 casualties, including an estimated 3,650 dead. The Cornfield Trail at Antietam National Battlefield. Corps and divisions moved as languidly to the places assigned them as if they were getting ready for a grand review instead of a decisive battle.. In a superb organizational effort lasting just four days, he completed the assimilation of units from the former Army of Virginia into the Army of the Potomac. With Federal forces closing in from the east, Lee selects strategic ground near Antietam Creek and orders his army to converge there. Lower Bridge (Burnside Bridge) 10. Union gunfire wounded Private William Calton Odum of the 6th Georgia Infantry in the right arm during the morning fight in the Cornfield. This battle flag of the 12 th Georgia includes the names of several color bearers who . While Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia were indeed triumphant, the Confederate commander realized all too well that his gains were temporary; he needed to undertake a bold stroke while the opportunity still presented itself. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned. Captain James Rodgers, commanding the 12 th, was struck dead by bullets that hit his hand, thigh, and head. While Douglass and Walker held on, Colonel Harry T. Hays hard-fighting Louisiana brigade, nicknamed the Louisiana Tigers, moved forward. A steady drizzle pelted down during the night, soaking the men as they fitfully slept. It explains what happened in Antietam's Cornfield and why. Colquitt lost 100 casualties in an already understrength brigade, while Rodes faced two full Federal divisions, Brig. The two brigades emerged from the North Woods simultaneously and crossed a field of clover. The president relieved McClellan of his duties on November 7 and appointed Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside to be his replacement. Lee, hopelessly outnumbered, still intended to make a stand in Maryland. In spite of his diminished ranks, Lee continues to skirmish with McClellan on September 18, while removing his wounded south of the Potomac River. The 12-hour clash created 21,699 casualties, killed 3,654, and turned many innocuous spots around quiet Sharpsburg, Maryland into national icons of death and suffering, including the Burnside Bridge, the Sunken Road, the West Woods, and the Cornfield . Two divisions under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws were to approach the arsenal from the north and seize the commanding position of Maryland Heights. The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, occurred on September 17, 1862, at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The first reports of the Confederate move into Maryland arrived in Washington on the afternoon of September 4, prompting McClellan to begin moving at a deliberate pace from his encampment at Rockville, Maryland. Swinging widely to the west, Jackson was to scoop up the enemy garrison at Martinsburg and move on to Harpers Ferry. XII Corps had lost a quarter of its men during the rush across the cornfield toward the Dunker Church. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Sunken Road (Bloody Lane) 9. Stuart had raided Popes very headquarters, carrying off the generals dress coat. 126, May 18,2020, The Cornfield Inside the Action at Antietams Bloody TurningPoint, Abner Doubleday in Antietams Cornfield: No Day in the (Baseball)Park, Garlands Brigade at the Cornfield: The Death of a Reputationand MuchMore, The 88th Pennsylvania at Antietam: A Cornfield Invalid SavesWashington, Farming the Cornfield: D. R. Millers 1862 Harvest ofDeath, Buffalo in the Cornfield: The 21st New York atAntietam, Claimed by the Cornfield: Georgias Colonel MarcellusDouglass, Cowards in the Cornfield? Among the wounded were Sergeant Bloss and Corporal Mitchell, who had found Lees lost orders four days earlier. One soldier remembered: "The air seems full of leaden missiles. McClellan sends Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter to mount a cautious pursuit, which is repulsed at the Battle of Shepherdstown. The first Confederate invasion of Union-held territory is not going as planned. Even before the nine-day trek, Lincoln had all but given up on the man who had once been christened Young Napoleon for his military promise. Hesitant to support a pro-slavery regime, England and France decline to form an alliance with the Confederate States of America. Williams sent the order to McClellan with a note that read: I enclose a Special Order of Gen. Lee commanding Rebel forces which was found on the field where my corps is encamped. Hoods division roared out of the West Woods, around the Dunker Church, and through a gap in the fence along the Hagerstown Turnpike, pitching furiously into the Iron Brigade. For generations of Americans, the word Antietam - the name of a bucolic stream in western Maryland - held the same sense of horror and carnage that the date 9/11 does for Americans today. Badly needed supplies are brought in by nurse Clara Barton, known as the Angel of the Battlefield. During the night, both armies tend their wounded and consolidate their lines. This article appears in: Early Fall 2014 By Michael E. Haskew The White House was a somber place in the summer of 1862. What there are left of us open on them with a cheer; and the next day, the burial parties put up a board in front of the position held by the Twelfth with the following inscription: In this trench lie buried the colonel, the major, six line officers, and one hundred and forty men of the [13th] Georgia Regiment.. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for The Cornfield: Antietams Bloody Tur., Welker, David A New Book at the best online prices at eBay! The gunners went into action amid Millers haystacks, ignoring Confederate fire that cut down men and horses. Libby remembered a loud response from the Maine men to the contrary. Hooker threw a blanket on the ground near the Poffenberger farmhouse and commented within earshot of George Smalley, a reporter for the New York Tribune, If they had let us start earlier, we might have finished tonight.. The Tigers also clashed with Ricketts brigade, under Colonel Richard Coulter, who had replaced the wounded Hartsuff, as the Federals rushed through the shattered cornfield. Why is nurse Clara Barton considered a hero of Antietam? He contemplated issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, a document that freed all slaves in the rebellious states. Travel back in time to see Antietam's battlefield as it looked 134 years ago. Hooker, conspicuously mounted on a white charger, rode to the southern edge of the cornfield and saw an opportunity to rally the remains of his corps, bring artillery forward, and join with XII Corps to strike the decisive blow. Miller Farm, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. 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